With the 2008 American Community Survey data finally available broken down by congressional district, last week I started out by looking at how districts' population had changed between the 2000 census and the 2008 estimate. Today, I'm delving a little deeper, looking at how the racial composition of the districts has changed.
Let's start with the districts where the change in non-Hispanic whites has been the greatest. I'm starting with the greatest percentage loss in white population -- and unlike the other charts I'm creating today, I'm extending this one to 25 spots and including presidential election data, because, for our purposes, this may be the most interesting and important chart. Not coincidentally, the districts that had the biggest percentage drops in non-Hispanic white population from 2000-2008 also had some of the most profound electoral shifts from 2000-2008.
District
Rep.
2000 white
2000 total
2000 %
2008 white
2008 total
2008 %
% Change
2000 election
2008 election
GA-07
Linder (R)
476,346
630,511
75.5
529,284
901,363
58.7
-16.8
31/69
39/60
GA-13
D. Scott (D)
295,107
629,403
46.9
236,807
785,643
30.1
-16.7
57/43
71/28
TX-22
Olson (R)
394,651
651,657
60.6
416,608
873,878
47.7
-12.9
33/67
41/58
CA-25
McKeon (R)
363,792
638,768
57.0
362,083
819,973
44.2
-12.8
42/56
49/48
CA-11
McNerney (D)
408,785
639,625
63.9
412,398
802,588
51.4
-12.5
45/53
54/44
FL-19
Wexler (D)
494,890
638,503
77.5
479,411
733,322
65.4
-12.1
73/27
65/34
IL-03
Lipinski (D)
445,179
653,292
68.1
384,898
684,703
56.2
-11.9
58/40
64/35
TX-24
Marchand (R)
415,842
651,137
63.9
402,111
772,580
52.0
-11.8
32/68
44/55
TX-10
McCaul (R)
431,992
651,523
66.3
522,558
955,363
54.7
-11.6
34/67
44/55
FL-20
Wasserman-Schultz (D)
426,891
639,795
66.7
376,936
672,717
56.0
-10.7
69/31
63/36
NV-03
Titus (D)
459,756
665,345
69.1
566,630
966,577
58.6
-10.5
49/48
55/43
TX-05
Hensarling (R)
466,321
651,919
71.5
449,229
733,117
61.3
-10.3
34/66
36/63
TX-07
Culberson (R)
439,217
651,682
67.4
429,249
751,034
57.2
-10.2
31/69
41/58
VA-11
Connolly (D)
430,091
643,582
66.8
432,337
758,422
57.0
-9.8
45/52
57/42
CA-10
vacant
417,008
638,238
65.3
386,575
696,175
55.5
-9.8
55/41
65/33
FL-12
Putnam (R)
461,239
640,096
72.1
488,712
782,178
62.5
-9.6
45/55
49/50
CA-22
McCarthy (R)
426,192
638,514
66.7
440,149
768,635
57.3
-9.5
33/64
38/60
AZ-03
Shadegg (R)
503,584
640,898
78.6
508,259
734,739
69.2
-9.4
43/55
42/57
CA-03
Lungren (R)
474,940
639,374
74.3
508,886
784,306
64.9
-9.4
41/55
49/49
TX-06
Barton (R)
430,223
651,691
66.0
443,892
783,790
56.6
-9.4
34/66
40/60
FL-15
Posey (R)
497,676
639,133
77.9
541,878
790,487
68.5
-9.3
46/54
48/51
TX-03
S. Johnson (R)
412,291
651,782
63.3
456,634
845,481
54.0
-9.2
30/70
42/57
MD-05
Hoyer (D)
400,668
662,203
60.5
380,676
741,163
51.4
-9.1
57/41
65/33
NJ-07
Lance (R)
511,737
647,269
79.1
477,114
682,187
69.9
-9.1
48/49
51/48
CA-13
Stark (D)
244,693
638,708
38.3
189,167
647,397
29.2
-9.1
67/30
74/24
Almost all of these districts moved sharply in the Democrats' direction. The only exceptions are AZ-03, explainable by the McCain favorite son effect in 2008, and FL-19 and FL-20, where the largely elderly and Jewish populations were more amenable to Gore/Lieberman than they were to Obama. (Also worth noting; there has been a lot of middle-class Cuban movement to the suburban parts of the 20th.)
If you were to look at the drop in white population in terms of raw numbers, though, you'd get a very different impression. The 10 districts that had the biggest drops are predominantly the Rust Belt white-majority urban districts that were on the list of overall biggest population losses, starting with MI-12 (from 540,548 whites to 458,036), followed by PA-14, OH-10, NJ-09, IN-07, IL-03, GA-13, TN-09, PA-01, and CA-13. GA-13 is the exception here, where there's some outright white flight going on in a fast-growing district, as Atlanta's southern exurbs turn into black-majority terrain.
Now let's take a look at the districts with the biggest white gain, in percentage terms (this time in more abbreviated form):
District
Rep.
2000 white
2000 total
2000 %
2008 white
2008 total
2008 %
% Change
NY-15
Rangel (D)
106,664
654,355
16.3
147,570
671,752
22.0
5.7
NY-11
Clarke (D)
140,595
654,134
21.5
175,014
663,042
26.4
4.9
IL-07
D. Davis (D)
178,144
653,521
27.3
195,024
629,923
31.0
3.7
GA-05
Lewis (D)
216,674
629,438
34.4
257,072
676,513
38.0
3.6
NY-12
Velazquez (D)
150,673
653,346
23.1
180,824
681,862
26.5
3.5
HI-02
Hirono (D)
168,999
640,927
27.9
202,657
647,661
31.3
3.4
NY-10
Towns (D)
106,746
655,668
16.3
135,213
697,685
19.4
3.1
NY-14
Maloney (D)
432,312
654,165
66.1
451,277
654,566
68.9
2.9
CA-29
Schiff (D)
248,857
638,899
39.0
273,625
655,941
41.7
2.8
MI-14
Conyers (D)
213,120
662,468
32.2
206,024
591,652
34.8
2.7
While you might initially expect to see exurbs on this list, they aren't, by percentage terms, getting whiter (quite the contrary, in most places). Instead, this list mostly shows the effects of regentrification in already-expensive cities, especially in the close-in parts of New York's outer boroughs. The only exceptions here are HI-02, which seems to be seeing more white retirees, and MI-14, which no one would accuse of regentrifying right now, but where apparently the white suburban portions aren't depopulating as fast as Detroit proper. (Wondering who's #11? The district I would have expected to be at #1: LA-02, which experienced some rather abrupt regentrification of its own.)
Also worth noting: contrary to what one might expect, these whitening districts aren't become less liberal. They all saw an improvement from Gore's 2000 numbers to Obama's 2008 numbers (despite the fact that their 2000 numbers, in most districts, were already up in the 80s), mostly because of increased minority turnout in 2008, but also because the early waves of gentrifiers are people who are already quite disposed toward voting Democratic.
Instead, you see the fast-growing exurbs if you look at the districts with the largest white population gain by raw numbers. Not coincidentally, this list heavily overlaps with the list of the biggest overall gainers we looked at in my previous post: AZ-02 (which went from 502,961 whites to 692,633), AZ-06, FL-05, UT-03, ID-01, CO-06, NC-09, NV-03, GA-09, and TX-26. The biggest overall gainers that aren't on this list are TX-10, which has seen mostly Hispanic growth, and GA-07, which is seeing a lot of African-American growth.
In fact, that's a good transition point to the districts that had the largest African-American growth, in percentage terms:
District
Rep.
2000 black
2000 total
2000 %
2008 black
2008 total
2008 %
% Change
GA-13
D. Scott (D)
255,455
629,403
40.6
419,235
785,643
53.4
12.8
GA-07
Linder (R)
72,962
630,511
11.6
188,302
901,363
20.9
9.3
MI-12
Levin (D)
77,403
662,559
11.7
117,172
621,619
18.8
7.2
IL-02
J. Jackson (D)
403,522
654,078
61.7
427,990
630,933
67.8
6.1
MD-02
Ruppersberger (D)
178,860
661,945
27.0
228,632
699,352
32.7
5.7
MD-05
Hoyer (D)
198,420
662,203
30.0
263,487
741,163
35.6
5.6
FL-19
Wexler (D)
37,821
638,503
5.9
81,258
733,322
11.1
5.2
MI-11
McCotter (R)
23,456
662,505
3.5
63,666
737,189
8.6
5.1
MO-01
Clay (D)
307,715
621,497
49.5
323,769
594,535
54.5
4.9
GA-03
Westmoreland (R)
119,766
630,052
19.0
189,706
795,402
23.9
4.8
The main story here seems to be African-Americans moving out of the cities and into the suburbs. It's most pronounced in the Atlanta area, where, interestingly, Atlanta itself is becoming whiter (see GA-05 above), while much of the suburban growth is driven by African-Americans. It's also quite noticeable in the Detroit area, where there's a lot of fleeing Detroit's economic ruins across the city lines into the adjacent 11th and 12th.
The list isn't much different if you go purely by African-American numeric gains. The big gainers are: GA-13, GA-07, GA-03, MD-05, NC-09, MD-02, TX-22, TX-10, GA-11, and FL-19. The exceptions tend to be growth engines like NC-09 and TX-10 where a lot of everybody is moving there.
Now let's look at the districts with the largest decrease in African-American population, percentagewise:
District
Rep.
2000 black
2000 total
2000 %
2008 black
2008 total
2008 %
% Change
IL-07
D. Davis (D)
402,714
653,521
61.6
334,138
629,923
53.0
-8.6
CA-09
Lee (D)
164,903
639,426
25.8
125,043
623,814
20.0
-5.7
CA-35
Waters (D)
216,467
638,851
33.9
187,110
664,849
28.1
-5.7
LA-02
Cao (R)
407,138
639,048
63.7
273,006
469,262
58.2
-5.5
GA-05
Lewis (D)
350,940
629,438
55.8
342,289
676,513
50.6
-5.2
NY-11
Clarke (D)
379,017
654,134
57.9
358,753
663,042
54.1
-3.8
NY-15
Rangel (D)
198,915
654,355
30.4
183,251
671,752
27.3
-3.1
IL-01
Rush (D)
424,430
654,203
64.9
383,734
620,843
61.8
-3.1
MD-04
Edwards (D)
374,755
661,651
56.6
364,985
679,854
53.7
-3.0
CA-33
Watson (D)
189,855
638,655
29.7
175,150
651,169
26.9
-2.8
This list, not so different from the list of white-gaining regentrifiying districts. There are also some districts where Hispanics are replacing blacks (CA-09, CA-35, and maybe counterintuitively, MD-04).
In terms of raw numbers, the biggest African-American drop in population is, no surprise, LA-02 (from 407,138 to 273,006), followed by IL-07, MI-13, MI-14, PA-02, IL-01, CA-09, CA-35, OH-11, and NY-11. (This includes districts like MI-13 and OH-11 where everyone of all races is leaving, at an equal rate.)
Now let's turn to the largest percentage increases in Asian populations:
District
Rep.
2000 white
2000 total
2000 %
2008 white
2008 total
2008 %
% Change
CA-15
Honda (D)
187,198
639,090
29.3
244,744
671,729
36.4
7.1
CA-13
Stark (D)
179,681
638,708
28.1
226,018
647,397
34.9
6.8
NY-06
Meeks (D)
60,954
654,946
9.3
101,454
686,631
14.8
5.5
NY-05
Ackerman (D)
159,491
654,253
24.4
198,345
669,591
29.6
5.2
CA-14
Eshoo (D)
102,430
639,953
16.0
138,389
653,246
21.2
5.2
CA-11
McNerney (D)
55,895
639,625
8.7
109,743
802,588
13.7
4.9
CA-48
Campbell (R)
80,095
638,848
12.5
121,002
721,557
16.8
4.2
VA-10
Wolf (R)
41,846
643,714
6.5
85,787
805,507
10.7
4.1
NJ-07
Lance (R)
52,965
647,269
8.2
83,234
682,187
12.2
4.0
TX-22
Olson (R)
50,459
651,657
7.7
102,261
873,878
11.7
4.0
There are two separate categories here: Democratic areas in the Bay Area (including CA-13, which between 2000 and 2008 moved from a white plurality to an Asian plurality) and Queens, and traditionally Republican districts in affluent suburbs -- all of which, except for NJ-07, experienced a significant fall-off in Republican numbers in 2008.
In terms of biggest gains by the raw numbers, the biggest Asian gains were in CA-15 (a gain of 57,000), CA-11, TX-22, CA-13, VA-10, TX-03, WA-08, NV-03, CA-48, and GA-07. TX-03, NV-03, and GA-07 are all high on the list of districts with the greatest white losses by percentage, and while WA-08 is still pretty white, it's a district that's nevertheless trending in our direction as well.
There are very few districts that are losing Asian populations, either in percentage or raw numbers, so it doesn't really merit another table. The biggest losers by percentage are HI-01 (-3.7%, from 53.5 to 49.8 -- with the replacements pretty evenly distributed among whites, Hispanics, and "two or more races," which is a huge category in Hawaii compared with the rest of the nation), HI-02, MN-05, TX-09, GA-04, WA-07, CA-18, TX-29, and LA-03. The biggest losers by raw numbers are MN-05 (31,780 to 23,662, presumably indicating Minneapolis's large Hmong population moving out to the suburbs), HI-01, HI-02, GA-04, TX-09, WA-07, LA-03, TX-29, TX-11, and MI-13.
Finally, let's look at the districts with the biggest percentage-wise gains among Hispanics:
District
Rep.
2000 white
2000 total
2000 %
2008 white
2008 total
2008 %
% Change
IL-03
Lipinski (D)
139,268
653,292
21.3
228,215
684,703
33.3
12.0
CA-25
McKeon (R)
174,193
638,768
27.3
308,659
819,973
37.6
10.4
TX-32
Sessions (R)
235,626
650,555
36.2
306,290
669,328
45.8
9.5
CA-41
Lewis (R)
150,076
639,935
23.5
250,428
760,575
32.9
9.5
TX-29
G. Green (D)
430,890
651,405
66.2
518,208
686,198
75.5
9.4
CA-22
McCarthy (R)
133,571
638,514
20.9
231,717
768,635
30.1
9.2
TX-05
Hensarling (R)
83,113
651,919
12.7
157,312
733,117
21.5
8.7
AZ-04
Pastor (D)
372,365
641,430
58.1
502,458
753,506
66.7
8.6
FL-20
Wasserman-Schultz (D)
132,575
639,795
20.7
196,465
672,717
29.2
8.5
CA-52
Hunter (R)
88,273
639,329
13.8
144,579
663,810
21.8
8.0
As you can see, there are some solidly Democratic districts on this list -- although some of them have Anglo Representatives who may have to be on their toes for a primary (though IL-03's Dan Lipinski, targeted by the netroots in 2008, is pretty well machine-protected, and Gene Green sits in TX-29, the district with the lowest turnout in the nation). The rest are Republican-held, and while some have moved sharply in the Democratic direction in the most recent cycle (CA-25, TX-32), others have had only lackluster movement (TX-05 and CA-41). My best guess as to this disparity is that in CA-25 and TX-32, white people seem to be actively leaving, draining the pool of Republican voters, while CA-41 is seeing growth across the boards. Also, bear in mind that Hispanic growth is a slow-moving tidal wave, one that will take a long time to bear fruit (as many are either too young to vote or on the path to citizenship), so it seems likely that, say, Pete Sessions will survive till the next round of redistricting, when he can probably get his hands on a nice safer district with a center of gravity outside of Dallas proper, up in Collin County.
The biggest districts for Hispanic growth in raw numbers tend to be the big, fast-growing suburban/exurban districts with the biggest overall growth, starting with the Cuban-majority FL-25 (398,986 to 565,866). It's followed by CA-45, AZ-07, CA-25, TX-10, AZ-04, TX-28, CA-44, AZ-02, and NV-03.
Even more so than with Asians, very few districts have experienced any Hispanic losses, either in terms of population or raw numbers. 11 districts had a loss in percentage, and 11 had a loss in actual population (although, interestingly, they aren't entirely the same 11, as, for instance, in shrinking districts, Hispanics may have lost population at a slower rate than the population at large). The losers in terms of percentage are NY-12 (-3.5%, from 48.7 to 45.2, thanks largely to white regentrification of areas like Williamsburg), NY-15, IL-04, CA-31, CA-08, NY-14, CA-29, NY-08, NY-10, OH-06, and GA-02. The losers in terms of raw numbers are IL-04 (486,839 to 442,423, again indicative of regentrification, as well as a lot of moves either to IL-03 or to DuPage and Kane Counties), CA-31, NY-15, NY-12, NY-14, CA-53, OH-11, OH-06, CA-08, MI-05, and GA-02.
Whew! That's a lot of data to digest, of course. But the takeaway is clear across the boards: districts where white populations are shrinking and/or minority populations are growing, are mostly seeing Democratic gains. Districts where white populations are growing and/or minority populations are shrinking, on the other hand, still managed to see Democratic gains in 2008. The districts where Republicans actually gained ground in 2008 are mostly in areas where there isn't much population growth and isn't much change in the racial composition (mostly rural areas, especially following the line of the Appalachians and Ozarks, but you could also say that same thing about, say, western Pennsylvania or Long Island).