With the Census Bureau having released 2010 data for all 435 congressional districts, I started slicing 'n' dicing the data last week, looking at population change in the fastest growing and shrinking districts. Today, as promised, we're moving on to how the racial composition of the congressional districts has changed.
You might remember that I did this same project a year and a half ago based on 2008 estimated data, and that was a good template for today's work, as the lists haven't changed that much. Where the lists have changed, it seems to be more likely because of strange sample issues in 2008 (like the rapid appearance and subsequent disappearance of a big Asian population in NY-06) than rapid changes in the trend over the last two years. As with last time, the most remarkable chart is the one showing biggest declines, percentage-wise in districts' non-Hispanic white populations. (Because this is the key chart, I'm extending this list to 25 places.) As you'll no doubt notice, many of these districts also had some of the biggest moves in the Democratic direction over the years from 2000 to 2008.
District
Rep.
2000 white
2000 total
2000 %
2010 white
2010 total
2010 %
% change
2000 election
2008 election
GA-07
Woodall (R)
476,346
630,511
75.5
486,673
903,191
53.9
- 21.7
31/69
39/60
GA-13
Scott (D)
295,107
629,403
46.9
202,053
784,445
25.8
- 21.1
57/43
71/28
TX-24
Marchant (R)
415,842
651,137
63.9
368,645
792,319
46.5
- 17.3
32/68
44/55
TX-22
Olson (R)
394,651
651,657
60.6
405,645
910,877
44.5
- 16.0
33/67
41/58
FL-19
Deutch (D)
494,890
638,503
77.5
456,060
736,419
61.9
- 15.5
73/27
65/34
CA-25
McKeon (R)
363,792
638,768
57.0
352,189
844,320
41.7
- 15.2
42/56
49/48
FL-20
Wasserman Schultz (D)
426,891
639,795
66.7
358,470
691,727
51.8
- 14.9
69/31
63/36
TX-07
Culberson (R)
439,217
651,682
67.4
411,276
780,611
52.7
- 14.7
31/69
41/58
NV-03
Heck (R)
459,756
665,345
69.1
568,343
1,043,855
54.4
- 14.7
49/48
55/43
TX-10
McCaul (R)
431,992
651,523
66.3
513,811
981,367
52.4
- 13.9
34/67
44/55
IL-03
Lipinski (D)
445,179
653,292
68.1
361,581
663,381
54.5
- 13.6
58/40
64/35
CA-11
McNerney (D)
408,785
639,625
63.9
400,825
796,753
50.3
- 13.6
45/53
54/44
VA-10
Wolf (R)
495,611
643,714
77.0
554,054
869,437
63.7
- 13.3
41/56
53/46
TX-02
Poe (R)
418,476,
651,605
64.2
399,454
782,375
51.1
- 13.2
37/63
40/60
FL-08
Webster (R)
447,266
639,026
70.0
459,529
805,608
57.0
- 13.0
46/54
53/47
CA-41
Lewis (R)
405,790
639,935
63.4
404,103
797,133
50.7
- 12.7
41/56
44/54
FL-12
Ross (R)
461,239
640,096
72.1
500,066
842,199
59.4
- 12.7
45/55
49/50
CA-10
Garamendi (D)
417,008,
638,238
65.3
377,698
714,750
52.8
- 12.5
55/41
65/33
CA-22
McCarthy (R)
426,192
638,514
66.7
432,482
797,084
54.3
- 12.5
33/64
38/60
MD-05
Hoyer (D)
400,668
662,203
60.5
368,667
767,369
48.0
- 12.4
57/41
65/33
NV-01
Berkley (D)
342,987
666,442
51.5
322,853
820,134
39.4
- 12.1
56/41
64/34
CA-13
Stark (D)
244,693
638,708
38.3
174,998
665,318
26.3
- 12.0
67/30
74/24
VA-11
Connelly (D)
430,091
643,582
66.8
434,526
792,095
54.9
- 12.0
45/52
57/42
CA-03
Lungren (R)
474,940
639,374
74.3
488,421
783,317
62.4
- 11.9
41/55
49/49
FL-15
Posey (R)
497,676
639,133
77.9
539,194
813,570
66.3
- 11.6
46/54
48/51
Districts appearing in the 2010 data's top 25 that weren't present in 2008 are VA-10, TX-02, FL-08, CA-41, and NV-01; while the other four are driven mostly by Latino growth, the growth in VA-10 (in Washington DC suburbs, more and more centered on once-exurban, now-suburban Loudoun County) is more Asian. These five replace TX-05, AZ-03, TX-06, TX-03, and NJ-07.
This presents a very different picture than the districts ordered according to the actual raw number of white residents lost. That list starts with GA-13 in first, which fell from 295,107 white residents in 2000 to 202,053 in 2010. This is the southern tier of Atlanta's suburbs and exurbs, which is increasingly becoming a magnet for both Atlanta African-Americans moving outward and northern blacks moving south - in turn driving a lot of white flight, much of which seems to be rearranging itself north of Atlanta, especially in the 9th. The fast-growing 13th is unusual on this list, though; most of the remaining top 10 losers are districts where the overall population is stagnant or going down: MI-12, IL-03, PA-14, OH-10, IN-07, IL-02, CA-13, FL-20, and MO-01. As you'll see in upcoming charts, blacks are replacing whites in MI-12, Hispanics are replacing whites in IL-03 and FL-20, Asians are replacing whites in CA-13, while in PA-14, OH-10, IN-07, IL-02, and MO-01, everyone is leaving, with whites are leaving the fastest.
Here are the districts with the biggest gains among non-Hispanic whites:
District
Rep.
2000 white
2000 total
2000 %
2010 white
2010 total
2010 %
% change
2000 election
2008 election
IL-07
Davis (D)
178,144
653,521
27.3
204,780
638,105
32.1
4.8
83/16
88/12
NY-15
Rangel (D)
106,664
654,355
16.3
133,839
639,873
20.9
4.6
87/7
93/6
NY-11
Clarke (D)
140,595
654,134
21.5
161,819
632,408
25.6
4.1
83/9
91/9
NY-12
Velazquez (D)
150,673
653,346
23.1
180,232
672,358
26.8
3.7
77/15
86/13
GA-05
Lewis (D)
216,674
629,438
34.4
232,507
630,462
36.9
2.4
73/27
79/20
NY-10
Towns (D)
106,746
665,668
16.0
124,232
677,721
18.3
2.3
88/8
91/9
MI-14
Conyers (D)
213,120
662,468
32.2
187,516
550,465
34.1
1.9
81/18
86/14
CA-33
Bass (D)
126,488
638,655
19.8
137,720
637,122
21.6
1.8
83/14
87/12
CA-31
Becerra (D)
62,177
639,248
9.7
69,321
611,336
11.3
1.6
77/19
80/18
SC-06
Clyburn (D)
269,215
669,362
40.2
280,474
682,410
41.1
0.9
58/40
64/35
While you might expect the biggest white gains to be in the exurbs, that's not the case at all (as suburbs and even exurbs are often becoming a first stopping-point for new immigrants). Instead, most of this list shows regentrification at work, especially in the parts of the outer boroughs of New York City currently under invasion by hipster armies (and also new additions CA-31 and CA-33, evidence of the very recent momentum in the revival of downtown Los Angeles). Similarly, Atlanta is becoming whiter even as its suburbs become much more African-American (which we got a preview of with last year's mayoral race, where a white candidate nearly won). The odd district out is Detroit-based MI-14, where whites seem to be fleeing at a slower rate than everyone else. Only five additional districts had a percentage gain in white residents, for a total of 15 of all 435: LA-02, HI-02, CA-29, PA-02, and IL-04. (HI-02, NY-14, and CA-29 fall off the top 10 list from 2008, replaced by CA-33, CA-31, and SC-06.)
If you're wondering which districts had the biggest numeric gains of white residents, rather than changes in the white percentage, here's where the exurbs come in; the list looks a lot like the list of the biggest gainers altogether, or at least the whiter districts among the biggest gainers. AZ-06 in the Phoenix suburbs (with a large Mormon core in Mesa) had the biggest gain, from 490,359 to 673,881, followed by FL-05, AZ-02, ID-01, UT-03, GA-09, CO-06, SC-01, TX-26, and TX-31.
Now let's turn to African-American populations:
District
Rep.
2000 black
2000 total
2000 %
2010 black
2010 total
2010 %
% change
2000 election
2008 election
GA-13
Scott (D)
255,455
629,403
40.6
439,119
784,445
56.0
15.4
57/43
71/28
GA-07
Woodall (R)
72,962
630,511
11.6
196,955
903,191
21.8
10.2
31/69
39/60
MI-12
Levin (D)
77,403
662,559
11.7
133,766
636,601
21.0
9.3
61/37
65/33
IL-02
Jackson (D)
403,522
654,078
61.7
414,414
602,758
68.8
7.1
83/17
90/10
MD-05
Hoyer (D)
198,420
662,203
30.0
281,862
767,639
36.7
6.8
57/41
65/33
FL-19
Deutch (D)
37,821
638,503
5.9
91,391
736,419
12.4
6.5
73/27
65/34
MD-02
Ruppersberger (D)
178,860
661,945
27.0
232,194
700,893
33.1
6.1
57/41
60/38
MO-01
Clay (D)
307,715
621,497
49.5
324,711
587,069
55.3
5.8
72/26
80/19
MI-11
McCotter (R)
23,456
662,505
3.5
64,239
695,888
9.2
5.7
47/51
54/45
GA-03
Westmoreland (R)
119,766
630,052
19.0
198,089
817,247
24.2
5.2
33/67
35/64
The list of the top 10 districts in terms of percentage gains among African-Americans is the same 10 as 2008, although with a few changes in the order. The story continues to be African-Americans moving from the cities to the suburbs, especially in the Atlanta area but also Detroit (with Detroiters moving north into the 12th), Chicago (with the metaphorical South Side now starting to extend south well below the city limits and even below I-80), and Washington DC (with Prince George's County now largely black outside the Beltway, into the 5th, as well as inside in MD-04).
The top 10 gainers by raw numbers has many of the same districts, although also some of the suburban districts that gained a lot of everybody (like TX-22 and NC-09). It starts with GA-13 (from 439K to 629K), followed by GA-07, MD-05, GA-03, TX-22, NC-09, MI-12, FL-19, MD-02, and TX-24.
District
Rep.
2000 black
2000 total
2000 %
2010 black
2010 total
2010 %
% change
2000 election
2008 election
IL-07
Davis (D)
402,714
653,521
61.6
322,730
638,105
50.6
- 11.0
83/16
88/12
GA-05
Lewis (D)
350,940
629,438
55.8
313,302
630,462
49.7
- 6.1
73/27
79/20
LA-02
Richmond (D)
407,138
639,048
63.7
287,077
493,352
58.2
- 5.5
76/22
74/25
CA-09
Lee (D)
164,903
639,426
25.8
131,574
648,766
20.3
- 5.5
79/13
88/10
CA-35
Waters (D)
216,467
638,851
33.9
188,365
662,413
28.4
- 5.4
82/17
84/14
CA-33
Bass (D)
189,855
638,655
29.7
156,406
637,122
24.5
- 5.2
83/14
87/12
NY-11
Clarke (D)
379,017
654,134
57.9
335,828
632,408
53.1
- 4.8
83/9
91/9
PA-02
Fattah (D)
392,293
647,350
60.6
355,849
630,277
56.5
- 4.1
87/12
90/10
NY-15
Rangel (D)
198,915
654,355
30.4
169,460
639,873
26.5
- 3.9
87/7
93/6
TX-18
Jackson-Lee (D)
260,850
651,789
40.0
260,585
720,991
36.1
- 3.9
72/28
77/22
The list of districts with the biggest percentage losses among African-Americans mostly parallels the list of districts with the biggest white gains, where regentrification is changing the complexion (and that it includes the catastrophic regentrification of New Orleans). It also includes several traditionally black districts where the blacks are being replaced mostly by Hispanics: CA-09, CA-35, and TX-18. IL-01 and MD-04 have fallen off the list from 2008, replaced by PA-02 and TX-18.
The top 10 by raw numbers of losses among African-Americans is led (perhaps no surprise) by LA-02, which went from 407K to 287K, followed by MI-13, IL-07, MI-14, IL-01, NY-11, GA-05, PA-02, CA-33, CA-09. Interestingly, because New Orleans in general lost so many people, the 2nd still significantly trails IL-07 in terms of the percentage loss.
Now let's look at Asian-American populations:
District
Rep.
2000 Asian
2000 total
2000 %
2010 Asian
2010 total
2010 %
% change
2000 election
2008 election
NY-05
Ackerman (D)
159,491
654,253
24.4
218,275
670,130
32.3
8.2
67/30
63/36
CA-13
Stark (D)
179,681
638,708
28.1
239,434
665,318
36.0
7.9
67/30
74/24
CA-15
Honda (D)
187,198
639,090
29.3
246,832
677,605
36.4
7.1
60/36
68/30
CA-48
Campbell (R)
80,095
638,848
12.5
137,094
727,833
18.8
6.3
40/58
49/49
NJ-12
Holt (D)
58,748
647,253
9.1
104,996
701,881
15.0
5.9
56/40
58/41
VA-10
Wolf (R)
41,846
643,714
6.5
107,583
869,437
12.4
5.9
41/56
53/46
WA-08
Reichert (R)
50,745
655,029
7.7
108,807
810,754
13.4
5.7
49/47
57/42
CA-11
McNerney (D)
55,895
639,625
8.7
114,217
796,753
14.3
5.6
45/53
54/44
CA-14
Eshoo (D)
102,430
639,953
16.0
140,789
653,935
21.5
5.5
62/34
73/25
CA-03
Lungren (R)
36,970
639,374
5.8
84,384
783,317
10.8
5.0
41/55
49/49
The Asian gains, percentagewise, are concentrated in the Bay Area, although the #1 gainer is NY-05, where the majority of the population is in NE Queens. Flushing is now thoroughly Asian, and that's starting to spill over into Bayside (of Archie Bunker and Jerky Boys fame). That's followed by the East Bay's CA-13, the first non-Hawaiian district to have an Asian plurality. The rest of the list is mostly affluent suburban areas which are starting to become light-blue at the presidential level even as they keep Republicans in the House; will declining white populations in these districts be enough to push them over the edge?
NY-06, NJ-07, and TX-22 have fallen off the list from 2008, replaced by NJ-12, WA-08, and CA-03. If you're curious about the top 10 by raw numbers gain, it mostly overlaps the above list, although with some of the all-purpose growth engines (like NV-03) on there too: NV-03, VA-10, TX-22, CA-13, CA-15, NY-05, CA-11, WA-08, CA-48, and VA-11.
Only twelve districts have experienced any drops in the Asian population by percentage, and most of the drops are small, so there's not much need for a chart for them; HI-02 (28.0% to 24.9%) had the most significant change, partly because of an influx of white retirees but more so because the big rise in "Two or more" as a common choice in Hawaii. That's followed mostly by districts with rapidly growing Latino populations: HI-01, CA-20, CA-18, IL-02, TX-29, FL-17, CA-51, TX-30, CA-35, NY-16, and TX-16. Only six districts had drops in raw numbers of Asians: IL-02, MI-13, TX-29, FL-17, IL-05, and IL-01.
Finally, let's look at Hispanics:
District
Rep.
2000 Hispanic
2000 total
2000 %
2010 Hispanic
2010 total
2010 %
% change
2000 election
2008 election
IL-03
Lipinski (D)
139,268
653,292
21.3
225,298
663,381
34.0
12.6
58/40
64/35
CA-25
McKeon (R)
174,193
638,768
27.3
330,711
844,320
39.2
11.9
42/56
49/48
CA-41
Lewis (R)
150,076
639,935
23.5
277,907
797,133
34.9
11.4
41/56
44/54
CA-43
Baca (D)
371,501
637,764
58.3
510,693
735,581
69.4
11.2
64/34
68/30
CA-22
McCarthy (R)
133,571
638,514
20.9
255,209
797,084
32.0
11.1
33/64
38/60
CA-18
Cardoza (D)
268,586
639,004
42.0
381,039
723,607
52.7
10.6
53/44
59/39
FL-20
Wasserman Schultz (D)
132,575
639,795
20.7
216,352
691,727
31.2
10.6
69/31
63/36
TX-10
McCaul (R)
122,894
651,523
18.9
282,641
981,367
28.8
9.9
34/67
44/55
TX-29
Green (D)
430,980
651,405
66.2
514,861
677,032
76.0
9.9
57/43
62/38
TX-02
Poe (R)
82,578
651,605
12.7
176,196
782,375
22.5
9.8
37/63
40/60
As in 2008, the biggest gainer is IL-03, covering Chicago's Southwest Side. (I'm truly not sure if people are moving from the depopulating, closer-in IL-04 to the slightly more spacious 3rd, or if the 3rd is becoming the destination of choice for new émigrés; maybe Chicagoans in the comments might shed some insight into that.) And in second place continues to be CA-25, a Republican-held district linking LA suburbs like Santa Clarita with high desert outposts like Lancaster. Interestingly, the list is pretty evenly divided by Democratic-held districts that already were substantially Hispanic and just got much more so (like TX-29 and CA-43), and Republican-held suburban districts where voting patterns haven't caught up with the Hispanic population (and given the number of kids and non-citizens among those numbers, where it'll take many more years for that catching up to happen).
There's been a lot of churn among districts since 2008, perhaps a result of the difficulty of estimating Hispanic populations: districts falling off the top 10 list since 2008 are TX-32, TX-05, AZ-04, and CA-52. These have been replaced by CA-43, CA-18, TX-10, and TX-02.
The top 10 in raw numbers gain doesn't correlate directly with districts that had biggest white percentage drops or Hispanic percentage gains. Instead, the list pretty thoroughly overlaps with the list of the top population gainers overall; while the Hispanic percentage went upwards in all of those districts, many of these districts were ones with a large Hispanic share already: case in point, the biggest gainer, FL-25 in Miami's westernmost suburbs (which went from 398,986 to 577,998). That's followed by CA-45 (which I certainly would have expected to see in the top 10 Hispanic percentage changes, but where the share increased "only" by 7.2%), TX-28, TX-10, CA-25, AZ-07, TX-15, CA-44, TX-23, and CA-43.
One remarkable thing about Hispanic growth is that it's present almost everywhere. Only six districts experienced any drops in the Hispanic percentage whatsoever, all in urban districts where regentrification is occurring: starting with NY-12 (48.7% to 44.6%), followed by CA-31, NY-15, CA-29, IL-04, and NY-14. Those same six districts were the only ones to report drops in raw numbers, either: IL-04 had the biggest loss (from 486,839 to 442,018), CA-31, NY-12, NY-15, CA-29, and NY-14.